Calendar or duration rule
lap n = cumulative split n − cumulative split n−1.
Cumulative split times must be non-decreasing for physically meaningful lap durations.
Worked check
For cumulative splits of 12 s, 27 s and 45 s, the corresponding laps are 12 s, 15 s and 18 s. A decreasing cumulative split usually indicates an input-order or transcription problem because elapsed stopwatch time should move forward.
Rule: lap n = cumulative split n − cumulative split n−1. Cumulative split times must be non-decreasing for physically meaningful lap durations. For a final check, distinguish calendar arithmetic from elapsed duration, confirm the intended local date or time zone, and inspect month-end, leap-year or daylight-saving boundaries when they can affect the meaning.